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北美托福机经英文版原文(5)

2012-01-19 00:00     供稿单位: 互联网    

出国英语考试有哪些 雅思6.5是什么水平 雅思阅读评分标准 托福阅读评分标准 雅思和托福的区别

1. 講生物的2個階段,怎麼改善土地之流
第1段:任何ecosystem都有生物組成的輪換 (turn) 每種組成都有不同stage 然後都在它們最後一個stage達到climax (有題)。
第2段:個階段從一片荒蕪之中(severe=extreme condition有題) [高或低溫,土地不存儲水,大風?] 勇敢生長出來的是pioneer plants,此物可抵抗一切不良條件。之後他們用他們的根改善土壤條件,然後死了之後又成為有機養料(organic material)。有了這些植物之後會有昆蟲、小動物來吃他們。鳥會來吃蟲子。於是最後達到climax。
第3段:此時,撿便宜的subsequent植物出現鳥,他們往往是高大的植物(比如某berry),通過來覓食的鳥的糞便中留下種子。他們生長起來之後,通過葉子產生大量shadow,然後讓樓下的暗無天日,於是長江後浪推前浪,先鋒植物死光光。之後樓下就會生成一堆無陽光也能活的小植物出來。到達stage 2的climax了。
第4段:以沙丘(sand dune)來舉例,沙丘不僅是不毛之地(旱 溫差大),還經常打滾,一打滾就把東西全埋進去了。(這裏還提到它們離海往往還很近,忘了是要說啥,然後還有題,問為啥要提離水近) 突然有種無比牛x的草,被埋進去也死不掉,根還特別長,於是就把沙丘固定住了。後面就像上面所說各種後續植物生出來。
Ecological Succession 生態演替。
主要講植物對環境的改善,將不毛之地變成動物天堂,有很多stages。首先講了個階段,在不毛之地,氣候和環境都很惡劣,只有適應性很強的植物可以苟且生存。(考點,同義句)這些低等植物抵禦乾旱和強烈光照等惡劣環境,慢慢改善著腳下的土地,死後就變成腐殖質,給土地營養。它們還吸引來了哺乳動物和鳥類。(考點,它們是怎麼吸引的)然後環境進一步改善。進入了第二階段,大型的植物來了,它們靠自己的葉子給土地提供庇護,濕度和溫度得到保證(考點,大型植物的作用),動物數量和種類也多了起來。最後達到了一個climax(考點,關於climax狀態的闡釋)。
關於生物分佈,pioneer植物的概念。通常都在嚴峻的環境下,比如相對比較極端的溫度,乾旱缺水等等。然後講了PIONEER植物來了之後如何(有辭彙題,*考的那個詞*接decay什麼什麼。。。我貌似選了=later)。後來pioneer植物慢慢把這種極端環境改造成了較為適宜的環境,慢慢動物植物也都來了。舉例一個沙漠裏的pioneer植物的過程。總體來說我覺得就是一些天不怕地不怕比較小強型的植物先遣部隊,在沒有花香沒有樹高的荒蕪地帶認識世界改造世界造福後來動植物兄弟的血淚史。
托福閱讀真題題源:Ecological succession 生態演替
Ecological succession
The structure of communities is constantly changing. All communities are subject to periodic disturbances, ranging from events that have only localized effects, such as the loss of a tree that creates a gap in the canopy of a forest, to those that have catastrophic consequences, which include wildfires that sweep across vast landscapes or storms that pound immense stretches of shoreline. Each new disturbance within a landscape creates an opportunity for a new species to colonize that region. New species also alter the character of the community, creating an environment that is suitable to even newer species. By this process, known as ecological succession, the structure of the community evolves over time.
Types of succession
Two different types of succession, primary and secondary, have been distinguished. Primary succession occurs in essentially lifeless areas—regions in which the soil is incapable of sustaining life as a result of such factors as lava flows, newly formed sand dunes, or rocks left from a retreating glacier. Secondary succession occurs in areas where a community that previously existed has been removed; it is typified by smaller-scale disturbances that do not eliminate all life and nutrients from the environment. Events such as a fire that sweeps across a grassland or a storm that uproots trees within a forest create patches of habitat that are colonized by early successional species. Depending on the extent of the disturbance, some species may survive, other species may be recolonized from nearby habitats, and others may actually be released from a dormant condition by the disturbance. For example, many plant species in fire-prone environments have seeds that remain dormant within the soil until the heat of a fire stimulates them to germinate.
The process of succession
Primary and secondary succession both create a continually changing mix of species within communities as disturbances of different intensities, sizes, and frequencies alter the landscape. The sequential progression of species during succession, however, is not random. At every stage certain species have evolved life histories to exploit the particular conditions of the community. This situation imposes a partially predictable sequence of change in the species composition of communities during succession. Initially only a small number of species from surrounding habitats are capable of thriving in a disturbed habitat. As new plant species take hold, they modify the habitat by altering such things as the amount of shade on the ground or the mineral composition of the soil. These changes allow other species that are better suited to this modified habitat to succeed the old species. These newer species are superseded, in turn, by still newer species. A similar succession of animal species occurs, and interactions between plants, animals, and environment influence the pattern and rate of successional change.
In ecology, the final stage of biotic succession attainable by a plant community in an area under the environmental conditions present at a particular time. For example, cleared forests in the eastern United States progress from fields, to old fields (with colonizing trees and shrubs), to forests of these early colonists, and finally to climax communities of longer-lived tree species. The species composition of the climax community remains the same because all the species present successfully reproduce themselves and invading species fail to gain a foothold. Because climatic changes, ecological processes, and evolutionary processes cause changes in the environment over very long periods of time, the climax stage is not completely permanent.  
2. Art Reformation and Influence
主要講了19世紀的藝術**,藝術家們要求藝術重返自然和本體。他們在繪畫,建築等各個方面充分反映著自己的藝術訴求。他們鄙視現代報紙和廣告,認為他們不是藝術(考點,藝術家不幹什麼)。一個加拿大女人從小受到藝術教育,主要是waving,在藝術**的浪潮中受到薰陶。看過一次藝術展覽後,受到啟發,(插入題,this event nostalgia ……)她決定辦藝術工廠,雇傭中產階級在家賦閑婦女,解決她們的經濟困難。(考點,她辦工廠的原因)後來她發現其實很多有錢人不在乎慈善,他們買藝術品只是為了顯擺品味,於是她開了Women Exchange,這樣裏面的女工可以生產各種各樣的藝術品,不只是紡織品。(考點,她開的兩種工廠有什麼不同)之後的世界大戰和1920大蕭條造成了更多賦閑婦女,於是她開了更多工廠,遍佈全國。(考點,為什麼提大戰和蕭條)她把各地的產品集中船運到紐約的店鋪來賣。(考點,我們可以從她的其他工廠的運行方式中推測出……)
辭彙題 conceived = imagined;echoed — imitated
美國近代中產階級女性的手工手藝發展(大概)。剛開始講美國近代art受到雅典和哪邊的室內設計的影響,提到無機建築和有機建築的對比。然後講有個叫wheels的女人,因為看到很多中產階級女性放不下身段去做下等人的活兒,但因為civil war或者其他戰爭,變成寡婦或者blabla,遇到了經濟困難,需要養活自己。於是wheels同學就創辦了一個招收受過教育的中產階級女人做類似女紅一類的活兒和一些art的東西的學校叫SDA(縮寫,全稱忘記了),東西運往NY銷得不錯(有題問imply了什麼,我選了這種art在當地沒有受到支持)。接著她發現SDA有些局限,少了一些對其他art的關注,於是她貌似又在某地開了個另外的學校作坊,專注於……。
講藝術的,具體是說工業時代,人們用手工藝術來對抗工業藝術品,問了對抗形式特點是個except題,選項有什麼通過廣告方式,還有個通過手工製品來對抗,還有個什麼的,第三個選項是說加入了模仿歷史和生物的形式,我選了這個,然後說了個大娘叫華什麼的,華大娘一生為藝術獻身,小時候在一個學校學一種text藝術(是一個題幹),大娘一生為公益事業而奮鬥,給婦女窮人創造了機會(有題,問大娘開工廠的是什麼,應該是為窮人經濟困難的人幫助),然後在芝加哥參加了一個什麼藝術展示(有題),東西運往NY銷得不錯,有題目問imply什麼,我選的是東西主要在紐約銷售,然後大娘加入了2個組織,有題目考2個的差別在哪,似乎是一個為窮人提供幫助,另一個由上層貴族參加名字叫SED。。。
3. Amphibian Decline
科學家發現最近很多兩棲動物數量急劇減少,他們歸咎於環境污染,全球暖化,大氣層破壞等一系列問題。特別是酸雨和光輻射對兩棲動物影響很大。於是單拿青蛙來研究。酸雨增加水的酸性,直接**蛙卵,破壞蛙的sperm(考點,酸雨如何影響青蛙)。光輻射帶來疾病別且它和酸發生化學反應**青蛙(考點,光輻射如何影響青蛙)。青蛙由於皮膚薄且為它們的呼吸器官,於是它們更容易受到環境污染的影響。再則,青蛙有一種不良習慣,從被孵出來開始,它們就要找暖的地方或者直接曬太陽,於是它們更容易受到光輻射侵害(考點,青蛙為什麼容易受到傷害)。最後,一些科學家認為這種數量減少不過是正常的fluctuation,不足為怪。但是,很多科學家說搜集證據要很多時間,等十多二十年後科學論證出來了才來保護兩棲動物就太晚了(考點,反對正常波動理論的科學家態度)。
辭彙題 separate — break up;seek — look for

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