下面小编为同学们整理了SAT2美国历史IJK开头的词汇，大家一起看看吧。

　　I

　　Impressment

　　During the 1800s, a British policy whereby the British boarded American  ships in search of British naval deserters, whom they would force (impress) back  into service. Often naturalized or native-born Americans were also seized,  provoking outrage in America. Impressment was one of a string of British  violations against U.S. neutrality rights that helped spark the War of 1812.

　　Indentured servitude

　　The system by which adult males—usually English—bound themselves to labor  on plantations for a fixed number of years in exchange for transport to the  colonies and eventual freedom. Some immigrants came willingly, while others were  manipulated and kidnapped; often, the indentured servents were never able to  secure their release due to debt. The first Africans brought to the colonies  were also indentured servants, but in the seventeenth century, as massive,  labor-intensive tobacco plantations spread throughout the South, slavery became  the preferred means of labor.

　　Independent Treasury Bill

　　Signed into law in 1840. The bill established an independent treasury to  hold public funds in reserve and prevent excessive lending by state banks, thus  guarding against inflation. The Independent Treasury Bill was a response to the  panic of 1837, which many blamed on the risky and excessive lending practices of  state banks.

　　Indian Removal Act

　　Granted Jackson the funds and authority to move Native Americans to  assigned lands in the West. Passed in 1830, the Indian Removal Act primarily  targeted the Cherokee tribe in Georgia as part of the federal government’s broad  plan to claim Native American lands inside the boundaries of the states.

　　Industrial Workers of the World (Wobblies)

　　A radical labor organization founded in 1905. The IWW advocated revolution  and massive societal reorganization. The organization faded away around  1920.

　　Inflation

　　The increase of available paper money and bank credit, leading to higher  prices and less-valuable currency.

　　Interstate Commerce Act

　　Passed in 1887. The Interstate Commerce Act forbade price discrimination  and other monopolistic practices of the railroads.

　　Intolerable Acts

　　A combination of the four Coercive Acts—meant to punish the colonists after  the 1773 Boston Tea Party—and the unrelated Quebec Act. Passed in 1774, the  Intolerable Acts were seen as the blueprints for a British plan to deny the  Americans representative government and were the impetus for the convening of  the First Continental Congress.

　　Iran-Contra affair

　　A series of investigations in 1987 exposed evidence that the U.S. had been  selling arms to the anti-American government in Iran and using the profits from  these sales to secretly and illegally finance the Contras in Nicaragua. (The  Contras were a rebel group fighting against the communist-linked Sandinista  regime in Nicaragua.) Oliver North, a member of the National Security Council,  had organized the operation from within the White House. There was no proof that  Ronald Reagan was aware of North’s actions.

　　Iron curtain

　　A term coined by Winston Churchill for the area of Eastern Europe  controlled indirectly by the USSR, usually through puppet governments. This area  was cut off from noncommunist Europe.#p#SAT2美国历史词汇表：J#e#

　　J

　　Andrew Jackson

　　President from 1829 to 1837. A strong-willed and determined leader, Jackson  opposed federal support for internal improvements and the Second Bank of the  United States and fought for states’ rights and Native American removal. His  opponents nicknamed him “King Andrew I” because of his extensive and  unprecedented use of the veto power, which they deemed to be tyrannical and  against the spirit of democracy. Before becoming president, Jackson gained  popularity as a general who launched aggressive military campaigns against  Native Americans and led the U.S. to a stunning victory over British forces at  the Battle of New Orleans in January 1815.

　　John Jay

　　One of the authors of The Federalist Papers. Jay was instrumental in the  drafting of the Constitution.

　　Jay’s Treaty

　　1795 treaty which provided for the removal of British troops from American  land and opened up limited trade with the British West Indies, but said nothing  about British seizure of American ships or the impressment of American sailors.  While the American public criticized the treaty for favoring Britain, it was  arguably the greatest diplomatic feat of the Washington administration, since it  preserved peace with Britain.

　　Jazz Age

　　Nickname for the 1920s due to the development and flourishing of jazz  music, as well as the highly publicized (if exaggerated) accounts of wild  parties, drinking, and dancing.

　　Thomas Jefferson

　　Third president of the United States (1801–1809). Jefferson resigned as  George Washington’s first secretary of state in opposition to Alexander  Hamilton’s continued efforts to centralize power in the national government.  Along with James Madison, Jefferson took up the cause of the strict  constructionists and the Republican Party, advocating the limitation of federal  power. He organized the national government according to Republican ideals,  doubled the size of the nation through the Louisiana Purchase, and struggled to  maintain American neutrality in foreign affairs.

　　Andrew Johnson

　　President from 1865 (after Lincoln’s assassination) until 1869. Johnson’s  plan for Reconstruction in the South was considered too lenient by the Radical  Republicans in Congress; as a result, Congress fought his initiatives and  undertook a more retributive Reconstruction plan. Johnson’s relationship with  Congress declined steadily during his presidency, culminating in impeachment  proceedings in 1868. He was ultimately acquitted.

　　Lyndon B. Johnson

　　John F. Kennedy’s vice president until Kennedy’s assassination made him  president in 1963. He stayed in office until 1968, when he declined to seek  reelection. Johnson is best known for his attempts to enact his Great Society  program at home and his decision to commit troops to Vietnam.

　　Joint Chiefs of Staff

　　Created by FDR in February 1942 to oversee the rapidly growing military.  The Joint Chiefs included representatives from the army, navy, and air  force.

　　Joint-stock companies

　　Formed in the absence of support from the British Crown, joint-stock  companies accrued funding for colonization through the sale of public stock.  These companies dominated English colonization throughout the seventeenth  century.

　　Judicial review

　　Established by Chief Justice John Marshall in Marbury v. Madison (1803).  The principle of judicial review held that the Supreme Court could declare an  act of Congress unconstitutional.

　　Judiciary Act of 1789

　　Created the American court system. The act established a federal district  court in each state and gave the Supreme Court final jurisdiction in all legal  matters.#p#SAT2美国历史词汇表：K#e#

　　K

　　Kansas-Nebraska Act

　　Passed in 1854. The act divided the Nebraska territory into two parts,  Kansas and Nebraska, and left the issue of slavery in the territories to be  decided by popular sovereignty. It nullified the prohibition of slavery above  the 36º30’ latitude established by the Missouri Compromise of 1820.

　　John F. Kennedy

　　Democrat, served as president from 1961 until his assassination in November  1963. A young and charismatic leader, Kennedy cultivated a glorified image in  the eyes of the American public. His primary achievements came in the realm of  international relations, most notably the peaceful resolution of the Cuban  Missile Crisis.

　　King George III

　　King of England from 1760–1820. Colonists were torn between loyalty to the  king and resistance to acts carried out in his name. After George III rejected  the Olive Branch Petition, the colonists considered him a tyrant.

　　Martin Luther King Jr.

　　A prominent Civil Rights leader who rose to fame during the 1956 Montgomery  bus boycott. Throughout the late 1950s and early 1960s, King tirelessly led the  struggle for integration and equality through nonviolent means. He was  assassinated in 1968.

　　Henry Kissinger

　　National security adviser and, later, secretary of state under President  Nixon. A major proponent of détente, Kissinger often met secretly with communist  leaders in efforts to improve East-West cooperation.

　　Kitchen Cabinet

　　Jackson’s presidential cabinet, dubbed so because the members were his  close political allies and many had questionable political skill. Instead of  serving as a policy forum to help shape the president’s agenda, as previous  cabinets had done, Jackson’s cabinet assumed a mostly passively supportive  role.

　　Knights of Labor

　　One of the first major labor organizations in the U.S., founded in 1869.  The Knights fell into decline after one of several leaders was executed for  killing a policeman in the Haymarket riot of1886.

　　Know-Nothing Party

　　The American Party. The Know-Nothings took the place of the Whig Party  between 1854 and 1856, after the latter’s demise. They focused on issues of  antislavery, anti-Catholicism, nativism, and temperance. The party collapsed  during the latter half of the 1850s, in part because of the rise of the  Republican Party.

　　Korean War

　　On June 24, 1950, troops from the Soviet-supported People’s Democratic  Republic of Korea, known as North Korea, invaded the Republic of Korea, known as  South Korea. Without asking for a declaration of war, Truman committed U.S.  troops as part of a United Nations “police action.” The Korean War was conducted  by predominantly American forces under the command of General Douglas MacArthur.  Limited fighting continued until June 1953, when an armistice restored the  prewar border between North and South Korea.

　　Korematsu v. U.S.

　　In this 1944 case, the Supreme Court upheld FDR’s 1942 executive order for  the evacuation of all Japanese-Americans on the West Coast into internment  camps. The camps operated until March 1946.

　　Ku Klux Klan (KKK)

　　A southern vigilante group founded in 1866 in Tennessee. By 1868, the Klan  operated in all Southern states. The group often conducted raids and lynchings  to intimidate black voters and Republican officials. The Klan faded away in the  late nineteenth century, but resurfaced in 1915. Capitalizing on middle-class  Protestant dismay at changing social and economic conditions in America, the  Klan took root throughout the South as well as in Western and Midwestern cities,  and was dominated by white native-born Protestants. Membership and influence  declined again in 1925, when corruption among Klan leaders was exposed.

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