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我们先来看一个简单的：

Only one percent from factors varying with density. The factors making up the one percent may seem unimportant, and their cause may be correspondingly hard to determine. Yet, whether recognized or not, they will usually determine the long-term average population density. 

其中的指代关系是不是比较明显？

应该是：only one percent → the factors making up the one percent → they

当然，这只是浅尝，让大家明确一下指代现象。接下来的内容才是重点。

给你这部分内容： 

It was necessary to master certain laws and to use intellect in order to build Gothic cathedrals or set up the stained glass-windows of Chartres. When this bracing element of craftsmanship ceased to dominate artists’ outlook, new technical elements had to be adopted to maintain the intellectual element in art. Such were linear perspective and anatomy.

指代关系是如何贯穿这段文字的？是不是这样：

… to use intellect …, this bracing element … new technical elements … the intellectual element … Such were linear perspective and anatomy.

如果进一步简化成用箭头来表示逻辑关系的示意图：

intellect → this bracing element → new technical elements → the intellectual element → such → linear perspective and anatomy

我们发现：通过指代词（包括代词和实意指代），建立概念上的“等价关系”。然后，做“等价”简化，箭头表示“等价关系”，把等价物全部看作比如“X”，句子的意思就被简化到公式一样的明晰状态了，文字表述上的干扰就被最小化甚至消除了。上面的箭头示意图使得我们可以把原文理解为：X是必要的，当这个X停止主导，就要有新的X（去维持），比如X的某些具体形式。于是原文的逻辑思路就简单了：怎么都要有X，当一些X停止或者缺失的时候，就会有别的X来替代。

然后我们来答题：

The passage suggests which of the following would most likely have occurred if linear perspective and anatomy had not come to influence artistic endeavor?

假如没有xx,会发生什么？

(A) The craftsmanship that shaped Gothic architecture would have continued to dominate artists’ outlooks.

(B) Some other technical elements would have been adopted to discipline artistic inspiration.

别的X来替代（去控制）。

(C) Intellectual control over artistic inspiration would not have influenced painting as it did architecture.

(D) The role of intuitive inspiration would not have remained fundamental to theories of artistic creation.

(E) The assumptions of aesthetic philosophers before Croce would have been invalidated.

至此，大家有没有搞清楚指代关系对于GRE阅读的重要性？搞清楚知道关系，阅读中繁琐的文字描述秒变简单示意图。今天这里只是两个例子，现实情况不胜枚举。