雅思听力材料中关系词的定义和分类

　　一、 关系词的定义和分类

　　逆向关系词：

　　逆向关系词，即用上此类词或词组，句子内部或句子间的方向发生改变，前后句子意思形成相反关系。总结发现，这类词包含：

　　否定关系词：not, none, no, never, non-, dis-, un-, in-, im-, -less, few, little, hardly, barely, seldom, neither…nor

　　转折和让步关系词：but, however, yet, nevertheless, nonetheless, in fact, actually, despite, in spite of, although, even though, though

　　对比关系词：unlike，by contrast, in contrast, on the contrary, conversely　

　　2. 关系词，即体现句子之间关系的词或词组。也有不少人称之为信号词，分析认为，关系词可非分两大类：

　　1. 同向关系词

　　同向关系词，即用上此类词或词组，句子内部或句子间的方向没有发生改变，只是根据前面的句意进一步延伸和细化。

　　举例关系词：for example, for instance, e.g., such as, like, take sth. for example

　　类比关系词：like, alike, similar, same, as

　　选择，并列和递进关系词：or, either…or, and, as well, also, besides, apart from, in addition, what’s more, furthermore, moreover (分号;)

　　因果关系词：

　　表示由引起的，后接原因的词或词组：because，because of，as a result of, as a consequence of, due to, result from, be attributed to, be contributed to, arise from, owing to, thanks to, in that

　　表示导致，后接结果的词或者词组：so, therefore, thus, as a result, as a consequence, lead to, result in, attribute to, contribute to, give rise to, bring about, generate

　　总结关系词：in conclusion, to conclude, to sum up, in sum, all in all, in brief

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