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第一段
The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries. (61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.
①The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries.
relate vt. 联系；把...联系起来；讲述。—— relative adj. ①相关的；有联系的；关于/涉及的；n. 亲属；亲戚（七大姑八大姨）—— relation n. 关系；亲属关系；关联；联系。—— relationship n. 关系；联系。—— relatively adv. 相对地；相对而言。
mind n. 思维；思考；思想
The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries.
这里是物做主语，中文喜欢人做主语，调换一下，翻译的时候
interest vt. 使感兴趣；使关注；引起...的关注
philosophy n. 哲学。—— philosopher n. 哲学家。—— philosophical adj. 哲学的；豁达的；泰然处之的；达观的。
【完整译文】
①多（几）个世纪以来，语言和思维之间的关系一直萦绕着哲学家们。
②多（几）个世纪以来，哲学家们对语言和思维之间的关系十分感兴趣。
③ 语言与思维的关系一直都是多（几）个世纪的哲学家们的关注点。
④ 几百年来，哲学家们一直都对语言和思维之间的关系十分感兴趣。
②(61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.
The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.
Greek n. 希腊人
assume vt. 假定；假设；认为
that后面是宾语从句：the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be
structure n. 结构；构造；体系
thought n. 思想；想法；思考；思维；思维过程。
即：语言结构与思维过程（思考过程）直接存在一些联系
which部分是非限定性定语从句：which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be
which指前面的希腊人的观点，即：宾语从句的内容
take root in：植根于；深入人心
before后面是时间状语从句，前面有个词long，这是个副词，修饰句子。
people realized how diverse languages could be
how部分是宾语从句
diverse adj. 不同的；多种多样的
即：这种观点早在人们意识到语言的多种多样前，就已经深入欧洲人的内心了。
【完整译文】
① 希腊人认为，语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某些联系，这种看法早在人们意识到语言的多种多样之前，就已经深入欧洲人的内心了（欧洲人就深刻认识到这一点了）。
② 希腊人认为，语言结构与思维过程（思考方式）之间存在着某些联系，在欧洲，这种看法（观点）早在人们意识到语言的多种多样（多样性）之前就已经深入心了。
③ 希腊人认为，语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某些联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。
